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We present a demographic framework for how the linkage between levels of biological organization can be better understood. The focus is on the mappings between genes, phenotypic traits, demographic rates, fitness components and eventually fitness itself. We also demonstrate that density- and frequency-dependence have to be taken into account in any useful mappings. Finally, we show how adaptation can only be understood by including the critical "pillars" Mechanics, Structure, Function, Scale, and Dynamics.

The pillars of evolution and the mapping of genes to communities

Per Lundberg

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